| Resin type | Aqueous polyurethane dispersion | Polyurethane particles are dispersed in water instead of being supplied mainly in organic solvent. | Product chemistry may be polyester-, polyether-, or polycarbonate-based. |
| Typical solids content | 30–60 wt% | The principal commercial range for many water-based polyurethane resin grades. | Determined by oven-drying or another validated solids-content method; exact conditions should be specified. |
| Appearance | Milky white, translucent, or clear liquid | Appearance depends on particle size, resin structure, solids level, and additives. | Visual inspection under normal laboratory lighting. |
| pH value | Approximately 7.0–9.5 | Neutral to mildly alkaline formulations are common, although the range varies with ionic groups and neutralizing agents. | Measured at a stated temperature, commonly around 23°C. |
| Viscosity | Approximately 50–3,000 mPa·s | Low-viscosity grades suit coatings and inks; higher-viscosity grades may support adhesives or thick-film applications. | Brookfield viscosity; spindle, speed, and temperature must be reported. |
| Average particle size | Approximately 30–300 nm | Smaller particles can support smoother films and optical clarity, but performance also depends on resin design and formulation. | Dynamic light scattering or another validated particle-size method. |
| Density | Approximately 1.00–1.15 g/cm³ | Water-based dispersions are generally close to the density of water, with variation from resin and additive content. | Density measurement at a controlled temperature, commonly 20–25°C. |
| Minimum film-forming temperature | Approximately 0–30°C | Lower values generally improve film formation at room temperature, but coalescents or heating may still be needed. | MFFT measurement or film-formation evaluation under controlled humidity and temperature. |
| Drying behavior | Water evaporation followed by particle coalescence | Drying speed is affected by film thickness, airflow, temperature, humidity, substrate, and formulation additives. | Touch-dry and through-dry times should be tested on the intended substrate. |
| Film flexibility | From flexible to medium-hard | Soft-segment chemistry, hard-segment content, crosslinking, and curing conditions determine the final balance. | Mandrel bend, elongation, tensile testing, or application-specific flexibility testing. |
| Film hardness | Typically soft to medium-hard; grade-dependent | Hardness can increase through higher hard-segment content, drying, heat treatment, or post-crosslinking. | Pencil hardness, König hardness, Shore hardness, or another specified method. |
| Chemical resistance | Moderate to high, depending on grade | Resistance to water, alcohols, oils, and household chemicals varies significantly with polymer backbone and crosslink density. | Spot or immersion testing using the intended chemicals and exposure time. |
| Typical applications | Coatings, inks, adhesives, synthetic leather, textiles, and wood finishes | Selection should match substrate, application method, required gloss, flexibility, adhesion, and resistance. | Application trials are recommended before commercial use. |
| Storage guidance | Commonly 5–35°C; protect from freezing and excessive heat | Freezing can permanently destabilize a dispersion. Storage life depends on formulation and packaging. | Always follow the product-specific technical data sheet and conduct stability checks. |